Career Maker: 2012

Thursday, December 20, 2012

How to Make a Career Choice When You Have No Idea What You Want to Do

There are hundreds of career options out there. How do you make a career choice when you don't really know what you want to do? Does it seem like an insurmountable task? It's not. Yes, you will have to put some time and energy into making your decision, but your effort will be well worth it in the end. Follow these steps to making a good career choice.
Assess Yourself
"Assessment Test"(c) Stefan Klein / istockphoto.comhttp://www.parttimejobsoffer.com/register.jsp?ptjolid=134619

Before you can make a career choice you have to learn about yourself. Your values, interests and skills, in combination with certain personality traits, will make some careers especially suitable for you and some particularly inappropriate. You can use self assessment tools, often called career tests, to gather this information and, subsequently, to generate a list of occupations that are deemed appropriate. Some people choose to have career counselors or other career development professionals administer these tests but many opt to use free career tests that are available on the Web.

Self Assessment: An Overview Free Career Tests

Carrier Information

Other information

Carrier is a roughly $13.5 billion-a-year manufacturing company. Carrier makes this much by outsourcing parts and production lines to its plant in Mexico. Carrier also outsources other parts. Carrier outsources some of their motors from India. Carrier used to get its copper tubing from a plant in Jacksonville Texas which they closed down and now gets its copper from China.

The Carrier Corporation built the new plant in Mexico as a green building. Carrier Corp.’s Mexico Factory. First HVAC Factory In The World To Receive LEED Gold Certification.

The Carrier Corporation historically has been based in Syracuse, New York where Willis Carrier moved his facilities from New Jersey in the 1930s. During the late 20th century, when it was acquired by UTC, it was Central New York State's largest manufacturer. Due to increasing labor and union costs in the Central New York area, Carrier has substantially downsized its presence in Syracuse, with manufacturing work being moved to a variety of domestic and international locations. Meanwhile, managerial employees were relocated closer to UTC's Connecticut corporate headquarters which represented a challenge to the local economy. Over the course of 2011 the majority of the manufacturing buildings of the Syracuse campus were demolished at a cost of nearly 14 million dollars. Despite the loss of manufacturing jobs the Syracuse Campus remains the primary engineering and design center for all Carrier products with over 1,000 employees and contractors on site.[4]

Carrier purchased the naming rights to the , the football and basketball arena at Syracuse University. Despite being named for an air conditioner manufacturer, the Carrier Dome is not air conditioned.

Carrier has numerous air conditioner models that are certified by Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)

Tuesday, December 18, 2012

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Carrier Aggregation explained

Carrier aggregation is used in LTE-Advanced in order to increase the bandwidth, and thereby increase the bitrates. Since it is important to keep backward compatibility with R8 and R9 mobiles the aggregation is of R8/R9 carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used for both FDD and TDD, see figure 1 for an example where FDD is used.


Fig. 01

Figure 1. Carrier Aggregation – FDD The R10 UE can be allocated DL and UL resources on the aggregated resource, the R8/R9 UEs can be allocated resources on any ONE of the Component Carriers (CC). The CCs can be of different bandwidths, and the allocation DL and UL can be the same or different.

Each aggregated carrier is referred to as a component carrier, CC. The component carrier can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five component carriers can be aggregated, hence the maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD the number of aggregated carriers can be different in DL and UL, see figure 1. However, the number of UL component carriers is always equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. The individual component carriers can also be of different bandwidths. When TDD is used the number of CCs and the bandwidth of each CC are the same for DL and UL.
The easiest way to arrange aggregation would be to use contiguous component carriers within the same operating frequency band (as defined for LTE), so called intra-band contiguous. This might not always be possible, due to operator frequency allocation scenarios. For non-contiguous allocation it could either be intra-band, i.e. the component carriers belong to the same operating frequency band, but have a gap, or gaps, in between, or it could be inter-band, in which case the component carriers belong to different operating frequency bands, see figure 2.


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Figure 2. Carrier Aggregation; Intra-band and inter-band aggregation alternatives. The spacing between two CCs is Nx300 kHz, N=integer. For non-contiguous cases the CCs are separated by one, or more, frequency gap(s).

For practical reasons CA is initially specified for only a few operating bands. In R10 three CA bands are defined. For intra-band contiguous CA, R8 operating band 1 (FDD) is defined as CA band CA_1 and band 40 (TDD) are defined as CA_40. For inter-band non-contiguous CA, R8 operating bands 1 and 5 (FDD) are defined as one CA band named CA_1-5. More CA bands will be defined in later releases.
When carrier aggregation is used there are a number of serving cells, one for each component carrier. The coverage of the serving cells may differ – both due to component carrier frequencies but also from power planning – which is useful for heterogeneous network planning. The RRC connection is only handled by one cell, the Primary serving cell, served by the Primary component carrier (DL and UL PCC). It is also on the DL PCC that the UE receives NAS information, such as security parameters. In idle mode the UE listens to system information on the DL PCC. On the UL PCC PUCCH is sent. The other component carriers are all referred to as Secondary component carriers (DL and UL SCC), serving the Secondary serving cells, see figure 3. The SCCs are added and removed as required, while the PCC is only changed at handover.

Figure 3. Carrier Aggregation; Primary and Secondary serving cells.Each component carrier corresponds to a serving cell. The different serving cells may have different coverage, useful for heterogeneous cell-planning.

Different component carriers can be planned to provide different coverage, i.e. different cell size. In the case of inter-band carrier aggregation the component carriers will experience different pathloss, which increases with increasing frequency. In the example shown in figure 3 carrier aggregation on all three component carriers can only be used for the black UE, the white UE is not within the coverage area of the red component carrier. Note that for UEs using the same set of CCs, they can have different PCC.
Introduction of carrier aggregation influences mainly MAC and the physical layer protocol, but also some new RRC messages are introduced. In order to keep R8/R9 compatibility the protocol changes will be kept to a minimum. Basically each component carrier is treated as an R8 carrier. However some information is necessary, such as new RRC messages in order to handle SCC and MAC must be able to handle scheduling on a number of CCs. Major changes on the physical layer are for example that signaling information about scheduling on CCs as well as HARQ ACK/NACK per CC must be carried. see figure 4.

Figure 4. LTE protocols for the radio interface, with main changes due to introduction of CA.

Regarding scheduling there are two main alternatives for CA, either resources are scheduled on the same carrier as the grant is received, or so called cross-carrier scheduling may be used, see figure 5.

Figure 5. CA scheduling (FDD). Cross- carrier scheduling is only used to schedule resources on SCC without PDCCH. The CIF (Carrier Indicator Field) on PDCCH (represented by the red area) indicates on which carrier the scheduled resource is located.

More, Further reading

from the Work Programme Manager;
You are going deep here...The links below take you to the detailed work plan and a series of auto-generated HTML pages for each detailed 3GPP feature.
Release 10

Carrier Aggregation for LTE UID_460007 (test ongoing)

Release 11
Inter-band Carrier Aggregation

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7 UID_480023
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17 UID_500017
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 UID_500018
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 12 UID_510022
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 12 UID_510023

Intra-band Carrier Aggregation

LTE Carrier Aggregation Enhancements UID_510030
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 38 UID_520015
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 41 UID_520016
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation in Band 7 UID_53002 8

Release 12
Inter-band Carrier Aggregation

LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 with 2UL UID_550010
LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 UID_550018
LTE Advanced Inter-band Carrier Aggregation of Band 2 and Band 4 UID_560017

Intra-band Carrier Aggregation

LTE Advanced Intra-band Non-Contiguous Carrier Aggregation in Band 25 UID_530029
LTE Advanced Intra-band Non-Contiguous Carrier Aggregation in Band 3 UID_550011
LTE Advanced Intra-band Non-Contiguous Carrier Aggregation in Band 4 UID_560016
LTE Advanced Intra-band Contiguous Carrier Aggregation in Band 1 UID_560015

Monday, December 17, 2012

Carrier Expert Advice

General Information
What is a BTU?

Ans: It is the amount of Heat required to change the temperature of one pound of water by one degree fahrenheit.

What is One ton equivalent to?

Ans: One ton equals 12000 BTUs per hour.

What is EER?

Ans: This is a cooling efficiency with respect to power consumption.

How does an Aircondition operate?

Ans: An air conditioner operates on a refrigerant gas. The gas is at a low temp in one part of the A/c and at a high temp in an other part of the A/c. This is achieved by compressor compressing the gas continuously.
Buying and Selecting
How do I determine the AC tonnage basis my room size? And what AC should I opt for – Window or Split?

Ans: Windows are available upto 2.0 TR.Above this capacity only splits are available.Besides if the location of the room is such that a window can not be installed then also a split is the only option. Please consider following points :

    A location where Sunlight does not fall directly on the unit.
    There is no obstacle to air flow to and from the A/C
    The place can give a rigid platform so that the A/C can be installed securely. This will also reduce sound and vibration.

What kind of features should influence my purchase decision?

Ans: Following point can be considered:

    Capacity as per requirement
    Power consumption and durabilities of machine.

Product Information
What is the difference between Rotary and Reciprocatory Compressor?

Ans: Rotary Compressor compresses the refrigerant gas by a rotating mechanism while a Reciprocating Compressor does the same by converting a rotating action of a motor into a liner action.

What is the difference between Scroll and Reciprocatory Compressor?

Ans: Scroll Compressor has a moving scroll which creates pressure. A Reciprocating Compressor uses piston cylinder to compress the refrigerant gas.
Service and Maintenance
Do I need to buy a voltage stabilizer?and what voltage should I have?

Ans: Yes , if voltage is a problem in your area.207 to 253 V.

How often should I clean my filter?

Ans: The air cleaner should be checked and cleaned atleast once every 2 weeks or more often as may be necessary.

How much electricity would my AC use?

Ans: Depending upon A/c capacity. The Electrical Power Consumption will vary.

What is the cost of maintaining my AC?

Ans: It will depend on type and capacity.Please refer to the dealer.

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WikiProject Telecommunications

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